Learning Outcomes

• By the end of this course, learners will be able to:
• Understand relational database concepts and SQL syntax.
• Create, manage, and optimize databases and tables.
• Write powerful SQL queries with filtering, sorting, grouping, and aggregations.
• Work with keys, constraints, joins, views, and set operations.
• Apply advanced SQL features like triggers, transactions, functions, and stored procedures.
• Use SQL best practices for performance, optimization, and security.

Who Should Enroll

• Beginners with no prior SQL knowledge.
• Data analysts, developers, and software engineers.
• Students preparing for interviews or database certifications.
• Professionals looking to strengthen database querying skills.

Course Structure

Module 1: Introduction to SQL 

• What is SQL? 

• History & Importance of SQL 

• SQL Rules & Syntax Standards 

• SQL Process (Parsing, Optimization, Execution) 

• Types of SQL Commands 

• DDL (Data Definition Language) 

• DML (Data Manipulation Language) 

• DCL (Data Control Language) 

• TCL (Transaction Control Language) 

• DQL (Data Query Language) 

Module 2: SQL Database 

• SQL CREATE Database 

• SQL DROP Database 

• SQL RENAME Database 

• SQL SELECT Database (USE database) 

• Database Schema vs. Instance 

• Metadata and System Databases 

Module 3: SQL Tables 

• What is a Table? 

• SQL CREATE TABLE Statement 

• Create Table Using Another Table (CREATE TABLE AS) 

• SQL DROP TABLE vs. DELETE TABLE 

• SQL RENAME TABLE 

• SQL TRUNCATE TABLE 

• SQL COPY TABLE (INSERT INTO … SELECT) 

• SQL TEMP TABLE (CREATE TEMP TABLE) 

• SQL ALTER TABLE 

• Add Column 

• Modify Column 

• Drop Column 

• Rename Column 

Module 4: SQL Keys & Constraints 

• Keys in SQL 

• Primary Key 

• Foreign Key 

• Composite Key 

• Unique Key 

• Alternate Key 

• Constraints in SQL 

• NOT NULL Constraint 

• DEFAULT Constraint 

• UNIQUE Constraint 

• PRIMARY Key 

• FOREIGN Key 

• CHECK Constraint 

• Index Constraint 

• Dropping Constraints 

Module 5: SQL INSERT 

• SQL INSERT INTO Statement 

• Insert Single Row 

• Insert Multiple Rows 

• Insert Using SELECT 

• Insert with Default Values 

Module 6: SQL UPDATE 

• SQL UPDATE Statement 

• Update Single Column 

• Update Multiple Columns 

• SQL UPDATE with WHERE Clause 

• SQL UPDATE JOIN (Update with Another Table) 

• SQL UPDATE with DATE Functions 

Module 7: SQL DELETE 

• SQL DELETE Statement 

• SQL DELETE ROW 

• SQL DELETE All Rows (DELETE FROM vs TRUNCATE) 

• SQL DELETE Duplicate Rows 

• SQL DELETE TABLE (Dropping data) 

• SQL DELETE DATABASE (Dangerous operations) 

• SQL DELETE VIEW 

• SQL DELETE with JOIN 

Module 8: SQL SELECT Queries 

• SQL SELECT Statement 

• SQL SELECT UNIQUE 

• SQL SELECT DISTINCT 

• SQL SELECT COUNT 

• SQL SELECT TOP 

• SQL SELECT FIRST 

• SQL SELECT LAST 

• SQL SELECT RANDOM (ORDER BY RAND()) 

• SQL SELECT IN 

• SQL SELECT Multiple Columns 

• SQL SELECT with DATE 

• SQL SELECT SUM / AVG / MIN / MAX 

• SQL SELECT NULL Handling (IS NULL, IS NOT NULL) 

• SQL SELECT with Aliases (AS) 

Module 9: SQL Clauses 

• SQL WHERE Clause 

• SQL AND Operator 

• SQL OR Operator 

• SQL NOT Operator 

• SQL WITH (Common Table Expressions – CTEs) 

• SQL AS (Aliasing) 

• SQL HAVING Clause 

• SQL GROUP BY Clause 

• Aggregate Functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX) 

• ROLLUP and CUBE Grouping 

Module 10: SQL ORDERING & LIMITING 

• SQL ORDER BY Clause 

• ORDER BY ASC 

• ORDER BY DESC 

• SQL ORDER BY RANDOM 

• ORDER BY LIMIT 

• ORDER BY Multiple Columns 

Module 11: SQL Joins 

• SQL JOIN (Introduction) 

• SQL INNER JOIN 

• SQL OUTER JOIN 

• SQL LEFT JOIN / LEFT OUTER JOIN 

• SQL RIGHT JOIN / RIGHT OUTER JOIN 

• SQL FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER JOIN) 

• SQL CROSS JOIN 

• SQL SELF JOIN 

• Multi-Table Joins 

• JOIN vs. Subquery 

Module 12: SQL Set Operations 

• SQL UNION 

• SQL UNION ALL 

• SQL INTERSECT 

• SQL EXCEPT / MINUS 

• Differences Between Set Operators and Joins 

Module 13: SQL Functions 

• String Functions 

• CONCAT, UPPER, LOWER, SUBSTRING, TRIM, LENGTH 

• Numeric Functions 

• ROUND, ABS, CEIL, FLOOR, MOD 

• Date & Time Functions 

• NOW, CURDATE, DATEDIFF, DATEADD, EXTRACT 

• Conditional Functions 

• CASE, COALESCE, NULLIF 

• Conversion Functions 

• CAST, CONVERT 

Module 14: SQL Transactions 

• Introduction to Transactions 

• Properties of Transactions (ACID) 

• Transaction Control 

• COMMIT 

• ROLLBACK 

• SAVEPOINT 

• Isolation Levels 

• Read Uncommitted 

• Read Committed 

• Repeatable Read 

• Serializable 

Module 15: SQL Views 

• Creating Views 

• Updating Data via Views 

• Dropping Views 

• Materialized Views (PostgreSQL/Oracle) 

• Security with Views 

Module 16: SQL Triggers 

• What are Triggers? 

• Types of Triggers 

• Before Insert/Update/Delete 

• After Insert/Update/Delete 

• Instead Of Triggers 

• Row-Level vs. Statement-Level Triggers 

• Trigger Use Cases (Audit, Logging, Validation) 

Module 17: Stored Procedures & Functions 

• What are Stored Procedures? 

• Creating, Executing, Dropping Procedures 

• User-Defined Functions (Scalar, Table-Valued) 

• Input/Output Parameters 

• Advantages & Limitations 

Hands-on Practice (with MySQL/PostgreSQL environment)

Quizzes & Assignments (to test understanding)

Capstone Project (real-world database design + queries)